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What is The Difference Between nucleosides nucleotides and nucleic acids ?

Nucleotide and nucleoside are building blocks of nucleic acids. Nucleotide contains a nitrogenous base, sugar and a phosphate group and nucleoside contains only a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group. The sugar molecule can be either deoxyribose or ribose. Phosphorylation of a nucleoside at the 5' carbon of the sugar converts a nucleoside into a nucleotide. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleotide polymers. The main difference between nucleotide and nucleoside is that nucleotide is the precursor of both DNA and RNA whereas nucleoside is the precursor of nucleotide.

When nucleosides are phosphorylated by specific kinases (a type of enzyme in the cell on the sugar's primary group (-CH2-OH), nucleotides are produced. Nucleotidases are hydrolytic enzymes which break down nucleotides (such as the thymine nucleotide) into nucleosides (such as thymidine) and phosphate.

FAQs of Pharmaceutical Intermediates

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What are the most commonly used nucleic acid reagents?

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The most commonly used nucleic acid reagents are:

1. Polymerases, such as Taq polymerase, for DNA amplification

2. Nucleotides, including deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs) and ribonucleotides (rNTPs), for DNA and RNA synthesis

3. Reverse transcriptase, for converting RNA into complementary DNA (cDNA)

4. Ligases, for joining DNA fragments

5. Restriction enzymes, for cutting DNA at specific sites

6. Fluorescent dyes and probes, for detection of nucleic acids

7. Hybridization probes, such as TaqMan probes, for real-time PCR quantitation of nucleic acids.

8. Inhibitors, such as RNase inhibitors, for preventing degradation of nucleic acids

9. Buffers and salts, for optimizing reaction conditions

10. Agarose and acrylamide gels, for visualization and purification of nucleic acids.

How do nucleic acid reagents enable DNA amplification?

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Nucleic acid reagents, specifically DNA polymerases, enable DNA amplification through a process called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). PCR is a widely utilized method for magnifying DNA sequences in vitro. It involves repeated cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension of the DNA, each facilitated by specific reagents. Here is a brief description of these cycles:

1. Denaturation: The DNA template is heated to a high temperature to separate the double-stranded DNA into single-stranded complementary strands.

2. Annealing: The temperature is lowered, enabling primers (short segments of complementary DNA) to bind to specific sites on the template DNA.

3. Extension: At an optimal temperature, a DNA polymerase enzyme uses the primers as a starting point to make a new complementary strand, synthesizing DNA in the 5'-3' direction.

These cycles are repeated multiple times, doubling the amount of product each time, producing millions of copies of the target DNA sequence. The polymerase enzyme used in PCR, such as Taq polymerase, is heat-stable, allowing for the repeated heating and cooling cycles. PCR and other DNA amplification techniques have revolutionized the field of molecular biology by enabling the detection and analysis of DNA from small or fragmentary samples.

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